The positive impact of ICT on students’ skills and teamwork are included. ICT also help student and teacher with activities that are provided in the websites. That kind of activities gives ideas to the teachers in their teaching, so that students enjoy the class Optimism is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable. A common idiom used to illustrate optimism versus pessimism is a glass filled with water to the halfway point: an optimist is said to see the glass as half full, while a pessimist sees the glass as half empty Arbitrary definition, subject to individual will or judgment without restriction; contingent solely upon one's discretion: an arbitrary decision. See more
Grammar Bytes! Grammar Instruction with Attitude
Optimism is an attitude reflecting a essays on positive attitude or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, essays on positive attitude outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable. A common idiom used to illustrate optimism versus pessimism is a glass filled with water to the halfway point : an optimist is said to see the glass as half full, while a pessimist sees the glass as half empty. The term derives from the Latin optimummeaning "best".
Being optimistic, essays on positive attitude, in the typical sense of the word, is defined as expecting the best possible outcome from any given situation. It thus reflects a belief that future conditions will work out for the best. Theories of optimism include dispositional models, and models of explanatory style, essays on positive attitude. Methods to measure optimism have been developed within both theoretical systems, such as various forms essays on positive attitude the Life Orientation Test, for the original definition of optimism, or the Attributional Style Questionnaire designed to test optimism in terms of explanatory style.
Variation in optimism and pessimism is somewhat heritable [4] and reflects biological trait systems to some degree. Researchers operationalize the term differently depending on their research. As with any trait characteristic, there are several ways to evaluate optimism, such as the Life Orientation Test LOT. This 8-item scale was developed in by Michael Scheier and Charles Carver. Dispositional optimism and pessimism [9] are typically assessed by asking people whether they expect future outcomes to be beneficial or negative see below.
The LOT returns separate optimism and pessimism scores for each individual. Optimistic scores on this scale predict better outcomes in relationships, [10] higher social status[11] and reduced loss of well-being following adversity.
Some have argued that optimism is the opposite end of a single dimension with pessimism, [14] with any distinction between them reflecting factors such as social desirability. Confirmatory modellinghowever, supports a two-dimensional model [15] and the two dimensions predict different outcomes.
Explanatory style is distinct from dispositional theories of optimism. While related to life-orientation measures of optimism, attributional style theory suggests that dispositional optimism and pessimism are reflections of the ways people explain events, i. In addition, essays on positive attitude, the measures distinguish attributions for positive and for negative events. An optimistic essays on positive attitude attributes internal, essays on positive attitude, stable, and global explanations to good things.
Pessimistic explanations attribute these traits of stability, globality, and internality to negative events, such as difficulty in relationships. In addition to this, essays on positive attitude, individuals vary in how optimistic their attributions are for good events, and on how pessimistic their attributions are for bad events, essays on positive attitude, but these essays on positive attitude traits of optimism and pessimism are un-correlated.
There is much debate about the relationship between explanatory style and optimism. Some researchers argue that optimism is simply the lay-term for what researchers know as explanatory style. More research is required to "bridge" or further differentiate these concepts. As with all psychological traits, differences in both dispositional optimism and pessimism [4] and in attributional style [26] are heritable.
Both optimism and pessimism are strongly influenced by environmental factorsincluding family environment. Work utilising brain imaging and biochemistry suggests that at a biological trait level, optimism and pessimism reflect brain systems specialised for the tasks of processing and incorporating beliefs regarding good and bad information respectively. The Life Orientation Test LOT was designed by Scheier and Carver to assess dispositional optimism — expecting positive or negative outcomes, [21] and is one of the more popular tests of optimism and pessimism.
This was also often used in early studies that examine the effects of these dispositions in health-related domains. There are eight items and four filler items in the test. Four are positive items e. In comparison with its previous iteration, LOT-R offers good internal consistency overtime although there are item overlaps, making the correlation between the LOT and LOT-R extremely high. This Attributional Style Questionnaire ASQ: Peterson et al. Subjects read a list of six positive and negative events e, essays on positive attitude.
They then rate whether this is internal or external, stable or changeable, and global or local to the event. Optimism and health are correlated moderately. The relationship between optimism and health has also been studied with regards to physical symptoms, coping strategies and negative affect for those suffering from rheumatoid arthritisasthmaand fibromyalgia. It has been found that among individuals with these diseases, optimists are not more likely than pessimists to report pain alleviation due to coping strategies, despite differences in psychological well-being between the two groups.
Optimists may respond better to stress: pessimists have shown higher levels of cortisol the "stress hormone" and trouble regulating cortisol in response to stressors. Optimists achieved faster results in "behavioral milestones" such as sitting in bed, walking around, etc. They also were rated by staff as having a more favorable physical recovery. In a 6-month later follow-up, it was found that essays on positive attitude were quicker to resume normal activities.
A number of studies have been done on optimism and psychological well-being. One 30 year study undertaken by Lee et al. The study found a positive correlation between higher levels of optimism and exceptional longevity, which the study defined as a lifespan exceeding 85 years.
Another study conducted by Aspinwall and Taylor assessed incoming freshmen on a range of personality factors such as optimism, essays on positive attitude, self-esteem, locus of self-control, etc. Over time, the more optimistic students were less stressed, essays on positive attitude, less lonely, and less depressed than their pessimistic counterparts. Thus, this study suggests a strong link between optimism and psychological well-being.
In addition low optimism may help explain the association between caregivers' anger and reduced sense of vitality. A recent meta-analysis of optimism supported past findings that optimism is positively correlated with life satisfactionhappiness, essays on positive attitude, [48] psychological and physical well-being and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety.
Seeking to explain the correlation, researchers find that optimists choose healthier lifestyles. For example, essays on positive attitude, optimists smoke less, are more physically active, consume more fruit, vegetables and whole-grain bread, and are more moderate in alcohol consumption.
Research to date has demonstrated that optimists are less likely to have certain diseases or develop certain diseases over time. By comparison, research has not yet been able to demonstrate the ability to change an individual's level of optimism through psychological interventionsand thereby alter the course essays on positive attitude disease or likelihood for development of disease.
There are researchers in a study involving twins who found that optimism is largely inherited at essays on positive attitude. One of the earliest forms of philosophical optimism was Socrates' theory of moral intellectualism, which formed part of the thinker's enlightenment model through the process of self-improvement.
He maintained that knowledge of moral truth is necessary and sufficient for leading a good life. Distinct from a disposition to believe that things will work out, there is a philosophical idea that, perhaps in ways that may not be fully comprehended, the present moment is in an optimum state, essays on positive attitude. This view that all of nature - past, present, and future - operates by laws of optimization along the lines of Hamilton's principle in the realm of physics is countered by views such as idealismrealismand philosophical pessimism.
Philosophers often link the concept of optimism with the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnizwho held that we live in the best of all possible worlds le meilleur des mondes possiblesor that God created a physical universe that applies the laws of physics.
The concept was also reflected in an aspect of Francois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire 's early philosophy, one that was based on Isaac Newton 's view that described a divinely ordered human condition. Leibniz proposed essays on positive attitude it was not in God's power to create a perfect world, but among possible worlds, he created the best.
While Pascal advocated for making man's rational aspirations more humble, Leibniz was optimistic about the capacity of human reason to further extend itself. This idea was mocked by Voltaire in his satirical novel Candide as baseless optimism of the sort exemplified by the beliefs of one of its characters Dr. Panglosswhich are the opposite of his fellow traveller Martin 's pessimism and emphasis on free will.
The optimistic position is also called Panglossianism and became an adjective for excessive, even stupendous, optimism.
Conversely, philosophical pessimism might be [ by whom? Later, Voltaire found it difficult to reconcile Leibniz' optimism with human suffering as demonstrated by the earthquake that devastated Lisbon in as well as the atrocities committed by the pre-revolutionary France against its people. Philosophical optimalism, as defined by Nicholas Rescherholds that this universe exists because it is better than the alternatives.
Psychological optimalism, as defined by the positive psychologist Tal Ben-Shaharmeans willingness to accept failure while remaining confident that success will follow, a positive attitude he contrasts with negative perfectionism. They cannot accept failures, delaying any ambitious and productive behavior in fear of failure again. Optimalism allows for failure in pursuit of a goal, and expects that while the trend of activity is towards the positive, it is not necessary to always succeed while striving towards goals.
This basis in reality prevents the optimalist from being overwhelmed in the face of failure. Optimalists accept failures and also learn from them, which encourages further pursuit of achievement. Tal Ben-Shahar believes that Optimalists and Perfectionists show distinct different motives.
Optimalists tend to have more intrinsic, inward desires, essays on positive attitude, with a motivation to learn, while perfectionists are highly motivated by a need to consistently prove themselves worthy.
Optimalism has also been classified into two: product optimalism and process optimalism. The former is described as an outlook that looks to provide the realization of the best possible result while the latter looks for a maximization of the chances of achieving the best possible result.
From Wikipedia, the free essays on positive attitude. For other uses, see Optimist disambiguationOptimistic disambiguationand Optimism disambiguation. Mental attitude. Affirmations New Age Agathism Explanatory style attributional style Mood psychology Moral idealism New Thought Optimism bias Pessimism Philosophy Philosophy of happiness Positive mental attitude Positive psychology Pronoia psychology Self-efficacy Silver lining idiom.
Oxford Dictionaries - English, essays on positive attitude. Archived from the original on Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN The Journal of Positive Psychology. doi : PMC PMID Current Biology. Half Empty, Half Full: Understanding the Psychological Roots of Optimism. New York: Courtyard. Social Psychology Alive. Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning. Journal of Personality. Bibcode : Sci
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“Attitude Is Everything We live in a culture that is blind to betrayal and intolerant of emotional pain. In New Age crowds here on the West Coast, where your attitude is considered the sole determinant of the impact an event has on you, it gets even blogger.com these New Thought circles, no matter what happens to you, it is assumed that you have created your own reality Free Essays Fetched to You. StudyCorgi grants free access to an enormous database of essay examples.. These samples are intended for high school, college, and university students. Check them out to kickstart your own ideas and improve your writing The positive impact of ICT on students’ skills and teamwork are included. ICT also help student and teacher with activities that are provided in the websites. That kind of activities gives ideas to the teachers in their teaching, so that students enjoy the class
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